The Causes
Any satellite communications system network operator using a Ku-Band system (12/14 GHz or higher frequencies) will face the effects of rain fade at some time. But to understand why this weakening occurs with Ku-Band transmissions, you must first understand the causes of rain fade. Two of the most common causes are listed below.
1. Absorption – Part or all of the energy generated when a radio wave strikes a rain droplet. The droplet is converted to heat energy and absorbed by the droplet.
2. Scattering – A non-uniform transmission medium (the raindrops in the atmosphere) causes energy to be dispersed from its initial travel direction.
Scattering can be caused by either refraction or diffraction:
* Refraction – The refractive index of the water droplets encountered by the radio wave.
* Diffraction – the travel direction of the radio wave also changes as it propagates around the obstacle in its path (a water droplet).